![]() Excisional biopsy is considered the "gold standard" as it allows for the assessment of whole lymph node architecture. Ī diagnosis of lymphoma is confirmed by tissue biopsy, and commonly used methods include fine-needle aspiration, core biopsy, incision/wedge biopsy, and excisional biopsy. Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma.Īutoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjögren’s syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) ĭrugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma. Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C ( lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma.
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